The persistence of ADHD symptoms into adolescence is associated with more academic, behavioral, and social problems. Research indicates that adults with continuing symptoms complete less formal schooling, are employed at the usual rates but have lower-status jobs, and have higher rates of personality disorders. The frequency of substance abuse is higher among adolescents and young adults with continuing ADHD. Coexisting conduct and antisocial personality disorders further increase the risk of substance abuse.
Recent research comparing children who outgrow ADHD to those who remain symptomatic suggests that those with persisting ADHD are more likely to develop other associated illnesses (e.g., conduct and oppositional disorders), which can become increasingly prominent and problematic for these adolescents and young adults. The risk-taking and rule-breaking behavior can also significantly worsen parent–child conflicts.
Among children whose symptoms decrease during adolescence, the outcome is similar to that of non-ADHD individuals regarding occupational achievement, social functioning, and drug and alcohol use, although not academic achievement. Academic issues may remain an affected area even if ADHD disappears.
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